Cardiovascular diseases are manifested in a variety of forms, such as chest tightness, chest pain and accompanied back pain or arm pain, upper abdominal discomfort, palpitation, dizziness, syncope, shortness of breath after activity or rest, lower limbs edema, etc.

There is a great variety of cardiovascular diseases. Clinically common diseases are:

• Hypertension：

primary hypertension, secondary hypertension, refractory hypertension, hypertension caused by renal artery stenosis, renal hypertension, hypertensive heart disease, etc.

• Coronary heart disease：

stable angina pectoris, unstable angina pectoris, variant angina pectoris, acute myocardial infarction, old myocardial infarction, postinfarction angina pectoris, ischemic cardiomyopathy, myocardial bridge, etc.

• Heart failure：

acute heart failure, chronic heart failure

• Cardiac arrhythmia：

atrial premature beat, ventricular premature beat, supraventricular tachycardia, ventricular tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, sinus standstill, atrioventricular block, sick sinus syndrome, pre-excitation syndrome, etc.

• Cardiomyopathy：

dilated cardiomyopathy, non-obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, restrictive cardiomyopathy, arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia, cardiac amyloidosis, etc.

• Hyperlipidemia：

hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, combined hyperlipidemia, etc.

• Myocarditis：

viral myocarditis, bacterial myocarditis, etc.

• Valvular heart disease：

mitral stenosis, mitral insufficiency , mitral valve prolapse syndrome, aortic stenosis, aortic insufficiency , tricuspid stenosis, tricuspid insufficiency , multivalvular heart disease, etc.

• Pericardial disease：

acute pericarditis, pericardial effusion, constrictive pericarditis, non-specific pericarditis, etc.

• Diseases of aorta and large artery：

aortic aneurysm, aorto-arteritis, aortic dissection, etc.

• Peripheral vascular diseases：

arteriosclerosis obliterans, phlebothrombosis, etc.

• Cardiac problems in other systemic diseases：

endocrine diseases, nutritional metabolic diseases, rheumatism, heart manifestations in kidney diseases, anemia heart disease，etc.